SAM ADVANCED MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

Overcoming Blockages In Strategy Execution: Lessons From Agile Managers

Robert C. Ford and Misty L. Loughry

Citation:Ford, R.C. & Loughry, M.L.,(2021). Overcoming blockages in strategy execution: Lessons from agile managers. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 86(2),54-63; http://doi.org/10.52770/MACV8320

Abstract

Managers’ attempts to implement their organization’s strategy often meet with challenges that block the execution as planned and these blockages are not always obvious. This paper presents seven lessons from agile software development that managers can use to avoid and overcome blockages in strategy execution. They are: 1) Define and communicate an agile culture. 2) Define and communicate an end goal with measures and deadlines. 3) Break the end goal into multiple projects with specific objectives and short deadlines and assign them to small teams. 4) Give project teams autonomy, but hold them responsible for achieving their objectives on time. 5) Hold frequent brief meetings to identify problems and coordinate across teams. 6) Frequently consult with the customer or end user. 7) Constantly monitor all teams’ progress and customer needs to look for blockages; pivot quickly when a change is needed to execute the strategic plan.

These seven lessons help managers quickly recognize when the path to strategy implementation is blocked and lead their teams to find alternatives and quickly pivot to new implementation plans. The process creates a culture that focuses on results yet empowers teams and employees to use their talents and creativity. As a result, the organization is focused and energized as it implements its strategy.

References

Atkinson, H. (2006). Strategy implementation: A role for the balanced scorecard? Management Decision, 44(10), 1441–1460. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740610715740

Augustine, S. (2005). Managing agile projects. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference.

Augustine, S., Payne, B., Sencindiver, F., & Woodcock, S. (2005). Agile project management. Communications of the ACM, 48(12), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1145/1101779.1101781

Barber, F., Whitehead, J., & Bistrova, J. (2019). Why giants stumble. California Management Review, 62(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619876904

Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., … Thomas, D. (2019). Manifesto for agile software development. Retrieved from Manifesto for Agile Software Development website: https://agilemanifesto.org/

Beers, M. (2020). Six reasons your strategy isn’t working. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2020/06/6-reasons-your-strategy-isnt-working?utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter_monthly&utm_campaign=strategy_activesubs&utm_content=signinnudge&deliveryName=DM88067

Cândido, C. J. F., & Santos, S. P. (2015). Strategy implementation: What is the failure rate? Journal of Management & Organization, 21(02), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.77

Carter, D. R., Seely, P. W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2015). Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes. In J. L. Wildman & R. Griffith (Eds.), Leading Global Teams: Translating Multidisciplinary Science to Practice (pp. 225–252). Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2050-1

De Jong, B. A., Dirks, K. T., & Gillespie, N. (2016). Trust and team performance: A meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(8), 1134–1150. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000110

De Smet, A. (2018). The agile manager. The McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 76–81.

De Smet, A., Lurie, M., & St George, A. (2018). Leading agile transformation: The new capabilities leaders need to build 21st-century organizations. In McKinsey & Company (pp. 1–27). Retrieved from McKinsey & Company website: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Organization/Our%20Insights/Leading%20agile%20transformation%20The%20new%20capabilities%20leaders%20need%20to%20build/Leading-agile-transformation-The-new-capabilities-leaders-need-to-build-21st-century-organizations.ashx

Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-Determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108

Denning, S. (2016). How to make the whole organization “Agile.” Strategy & Leadership, 44(4), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/sl-06-2016-0043

Denning, S. (2018). The age of agile how smart companies are transforming the way work gets done. New York: AMACOM.

Denning, S. (2019). The ten stages of the Agile transformation journey. Strategy & Leadership, 47(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/sl-11-2018-0109

Dent, E. B., & Goldberg, S. G. (1999). Challenging “resistance to change.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2326329

Dikert, K., Paasivaara, M., & Lassenius, C. (2016). Challenges and success factors for large-scale agile transformations: A systematic literature review. Journal of Systems and Software, 119, 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.013

Fernandez, D. J., & Fernandez, J. D. (2008). Agile project management: Agilism versus traditional approaches. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 49(2), 10–17.

Ford, R. C., Loughry, M. L., & Ford, L. R. (2020). Leading a pivot: How agile leaders redirect team efforts to overcome barriers in strategy execution. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 85(3), 37–46.

Ford, R. C., Piccolo, R. F., & Ford, L. R. (2017). Strategies for building effective virtual teams: Trust is key. Business Horizons, 60(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.009

Ford, R. C., & Sturman, M. C. (2020). Managing hospitality organizations: Achieving excellence in the guest experience. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Ford, R. C., Wilderom, C. P. M., & Caparella, J. (2008). Strategically crafting a customer‐focused culture: An inductive case study. Journal of Strategy and Management, 1(2), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554250810926348

Ghezzi, A., & Cavallo, A. (2018). Agile business model innovation in digital entrepreneurship: Lean startup approaches. Journal of Business Research, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013

Gunasekaran, A., Yusuf, Y. Y., Adeleye, E. O., & Papadopoulos, T. (2017). Agile manufacturing practices: The role of big data and business analytics with multiple case studies. International Journal of Production Research, 56(1-2), 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1395488

Guth, W. D., & Macmillan, I. C. (1986). Strategy implementation versus middle management self-interest. Strategic Management Journal, 7(4), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250070403

Handscomb, C., Mahadevan, D., Naidoo, E., Srinivasan, S., Schor, M., & Sieberer, M. (2020). An operating model for the next normal: Lessons from agile organizations in the crisis. Retrieved from McKinsey & Company website: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/an-operating-model-for-the-next-normal-lessons-from-agile-organizations-in-the-crisis?cid=eml-web

Henderson, L. S., Stackman, R. W., & Lindekilde, R. (2016). The centrality of communication norm alignment, role clarity, and trust in global project teams. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1717–1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.012

Hu, J., & Liden, R. C. (2011). Antecedents of team potency and team effectiveness: An examination of goal and process clarity and servant leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 851–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022465

Iivari, J., & Iivari, N. (2011). The relationship between organizational culture and the deployment of agile methods. Information and Software Technology, 53(5), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2010.10.008

Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22(3), 375–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(78)90023-5

Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159571

Latham, G. P., & Locke, E. A. (2007). New developments in and directions for goal-setting research. European Psychologist, 12(4), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.4.290

Maruping, L. M., & Agarwal, R. (2004). Managing team interpersonal processes through technology: A task-technology fit perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 975–990. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.975

Montoya-Weiss, M. M., Massey, A. P., & Song, M. (2001). Getting it together: Temporal coordination and conflict management in global virtual teams. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1251–1262. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069399

Nixon, P., Harrington, M., & Parker, D. (2012). Leadership performance is significant to project success or failure: A critical analysis. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 61(2), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401211194699

Olson, J., & Olson, L. (2012). Virtual team trust: Task, communication and sequence. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 18(5/6), 256–276. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527591211251131

Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550

Padmanabhan, V. (2018). Functional strategy implementation: Experimental study on Agile Kanban. Sumedha Journal of Management, 7(2), 6–17.

Powell, T. C. (2017). Strategy as diligence: Putting behavioral strategy into practice. California Management Review, 59(3), 162–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125617707975

Rico, D. F. (2008). What is the ROI of agile vs. traditional methods? TickIT International, 10(4), 9–18.

Rigby, D. K., Sutherland, J., & Takkeuchi, H. (2016). Embracing agile. Harvard Business Review, 94(5), 40–50.

Rousseau, D. M., Hansen, S. D., & Tomprou, M. (2018). A dynamic phase model of psychological contract processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(9), 1081–1098. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2284

Schein, E. H. (2016). Organizational culture and leadership (5th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.

Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., & Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning. Journal of Marketing, 77(6), 108–123. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0485

Sull, D., Homkes, R., & Sull, C. (2015). Why strategy execution unravels: And what to do about it. Harvard Business Review, 77(6), 57–66.

Sull, D., Turconi, S., & Sull, C. (2018). Six steps to communicating strategic priorities effectively. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(3), 1–4. Retrieved from https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/six-steps-to-communicating-strategic-priorities-effectively/

Verburg, R. M., Bosch-Sijtsema, P., & Vartiainen, M. (2013). Getting it done: Critical success factors for project managers in virtual work settings. International Journal of Project Management, 31(1), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.04.005

Watkins, M. (2013). What is organizational culture? And why should we care. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/05/what-is-organizational-culture

Wery, R., & Waco, M. (2004). Why good strategies fail. Handbook of Business Strategy, 5(1), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/10775730410493522

Zander, L., Zettinig, P., & Mäkelä, K. (2013). Leading global virtual teams to success. Organizational Dynamics, 42(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.06.008

Subscription or SAM Membership Required

Share This Article

Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn