Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.). Emergency severity index (ESI): A triage tool for emergency departments. Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website: https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/emergency-dept/esi.html

Aldridge, E. S., Rogers, I. R., Bailey, P. M., & Rogers, J. R. (2016). Emergency department “undercrowding” is associated with decreased waiting times. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 28(3), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12569

Angelini, D. J. (1999). The utilization of nurse-midwives as providers of obstetric triage services: Results of a national survey. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 44(5), 431–438.

Angelini, D. J., & Mahlmeister, L. R. (2005). Liability in triage: Management of EMTALA regulations and common obstetric risks. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 50(6), 472–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.07.006

Angelini, D. J., Zannieri, C. L., Silva, V. B., Fein, E., & Ward, P. J. (1990). Toward a concept of triage for labor and delivery: Staff perceptions and role utilization. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 4(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005237-199012000-00003

Ansah, J. P., Ahmad, S., Lee, L. H., Shen, Y., Ong, M. E. H., Matchar, D. B., & Schoenenberger, L. (2021). Modeling Emergency Department crowding: Restoring the balance between demand for and supply of emergency medicine. PLoS ONE, 16(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244097

Ashmore, A. A., Gnanachandran, C., Luqman, I., & Horrocks, K. (2021). One-stop clinic for patients with suspected ovarian cancer: Results  from a retrospective outcome study of the referral pathway. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01540-w

Atchley, M. D., Kroll, N. P., & Etcher, L. (2021). Reducing the wait. The Nurse Practitioner, 46(2), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000731576.93905.48

Blackmer, J., Amoline, K., Amancher, J., Vogan, E., Zimmer, H., Borton, M., … Boyd, A. (2021). Leveraging advanced preparation of oncology medications: Decreasing turnaround-times in an outpatient infusion center. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 27(6), 1454–1460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155220960222

Bleustein, C., Rothschild, D., Valen, A., Valaitis, E., Schweitzer, L., & Jones, R. (2014). Wait times, patient satisfaction scores, and the perception of care. American Journal of Managed Care, 20(5), 393–400.

Bradshaw, A., & Raphaelson, S. (2021). Improving patient satisfaction with wait times. Nursing, 51(4), 67–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000736968.01359.e0

Carew, S., Nagarajan, M., Shechter, S., Arneja, J., & Skarsgard, E. (2020). Dynamic capacity allocation for elective surgeries: Reducing urgency-weighted wait times. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0846

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). National Center for ehalth Statistics: Births and Natality. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/births.htm

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2012). Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA). Retrieved from Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services website: https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EMTALA/index.html?redirect=/emtala

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2014). HCAHPS: Patients’ perspectives of care survey. Retrieved from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website: https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initatives-patient -assessemnt-instruments/HospitalQualityinits/HospitalHCAHPS.html

Chan, H. (2014). Lean techniques for the improvement of patients’ flow in emergency department. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 5(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.01.004

Coats, T. J. (2001). Mathematical modelling of patient flow through an accident and emergency department. Emergency Medicine Journal, 18(3), 190–192. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.18.3.190

Diercks, D. B., Roe, M. T., Chen, A. Y., Peacock, W. F., Kirk, J. D., Pollack, C. V., … Peterson, E. D. (2007). Prolonged emergency department stays of non–st-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients are associated with worse adherence to the american college of cardiology/american heart association guidelines for management and increased adverse events. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 50(5), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.03.033

Faridimehr, S., Venkatachalam, S., & Chinnam, R. B. (2021). Managing access to primary care clinics using scheduling templates. Health Care Management Science, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-020-09535-z

Fatovich, D. M., & Hirsch, R. L. (2003). Entry overload, emergency department overcrowding, and ambulance bypass. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20(5), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.5.406

Fava, G., Giovannelli, T., Messedaglia, M., & Roma, M. (2021). Effect of different patient peak arrivals on an emergency department via discrete event simulation: A case study. Simulation, 98(3), 003754972110387. https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497211038756

Foley, M., Kifaieh, N., & Mallon, W. K. (2011). Financial impact of emergency department crowding. The western journal of emergency medicine. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(2), 192–197.

Fuchs, V. R. (2013). The gross domestic product and health care spending. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(2), 107–109. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1305298

Fun, W. H., Tan, E. H., Khalid, R., Sararaks, S., Tang, K. F., Ab Rahim, I., … Nawawi, M. K. M. (2022). Applying discrete event simulation to reduce patient wait times and crowding: The case of a specialist outpatient clinic with dual practice system. Healthcare, 10(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020189

George, F., & Roussel, L. (2015). The effect of emergency department crowding on patient outcomes. Health Science Journal, 9(1), 1–6.

Hardin, L. (2016). Transforming Obstetric Triage Into an Obstetric Emergency Room. Proceedings of the 2016 AWHONN Convention. Presented at the 2016 AWHONN Convention. Retrieved from http://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(16)30050-8/pdf

Hejazi, T.-H. (2021). State-dependent resource reallocation plan for health care systems: A simulation optimization approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 159, 107502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107502

Henderson, K., & Boyle, A. (2014). Exit block in the emergency department: Recognition and consequences. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 75(11), 623–626. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2014.75.11.623

Hernandez, V. F., Schmidt, R. N., Flores, D., & Dayama, N. (2021). The rising need for non-emergent emergency room (ER) centers. Journal of Business & Educational Leadership, 11(1), 70–83.

Holden, D., & Smart, D. (1999). Adding value to the patient experience in emergency medicine: What features of the emergency department visit are most important to patients? Emergency Medicine Australasia, 11(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.1999.03114.x

Hung, D. Y., Mujal, G., Jin, A., & Liang, S. (2020). Patient experiences after implementing lean primary care redesigns. Health Services Research, 56(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13605

Issabakhsh, M., Lee, S., & Kang, H. (2021). Scheduling patient appointment in an infusion center: A mixed integer robust optimization approach. Health Care Management Science, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-020-09519-z

Kam, A. W., Collins, S., Park, T., Mihail, M., Stanaway, F. F., Lewis, N. L., … Smith, J. E. H. (2021). Using Lean Six Sigma techniques to improve efficiency in outpatient ophthalmology clinics. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-06034-3

Korkiakangas, T., Weldon, S. M., & Kneebone, R. (2021). “Let me take care of you”: What can healthcare learn from a high-end restaurant to improve the patient experience?. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 14(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2021.1877602

Krochmal, P., & Riley, T. A. (1994). Increased health care costs associated with ED overcrowding. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(3), 265–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(94)90135-x

Kutscher, B. (2015). The rise of the specialty emergency department. Retrieved from Modern Healthcare website: https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150221/MAGAZINE/302219980/the-rise-of-the-specialty-emergency-department

Lee, S.-Y., Chinnam, R. B., Dalkiran, E., Krupp, S., & Nauss, M. (2021). Proactive coordination of inpatient bed management to reduce emergency department patient boarding. International Journal of Production Economics, 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107842

Levsky, M. E., Young, S. E., Masullo, L. N., Miller, M. A., & Herold, T. J. S. (2008). The effects of an accelerated triage and treatment protocol on left without being seen rates and wait times of urgent patients at a military emergency department. Military Medicine, 173(10), 999–1003. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed.173.10.999

Li, J., Zhu, G., Luo, L., & Shen, W. (2021). Big data-enabled analysis of factors affecting patient waiting time in the nephrology department of a large tertiary hospital. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5555029

Li, X., Tian, D., Li, W., Dong, B., Wang, H., Yuan, J., … Liu, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence-assisted reduction in patients’ waiting time for outpatient process: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06248-z

Liu, R., & Xie, X. (2021). Weekly scheduling of emergency department physicians to cope with time-varying demand. IISE Transactions, 53(10), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/24725854.2021.1894656

Macones, G. A., Pettker, C. M., Mascola, M. A., & Heine, R. P. (2016). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice, Committee opinion number 667: Hospital-based triage of obstetric patients. Retrieved from American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists website: http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Hospital-Based-Triage-of-Obstetric-Patients

Mathews, K. S., & Long, E. F. (2015). A conceptual framework for improving critical care patient flow and bed use. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12(6), 886–894. https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.201409-419oc

Miro, O., Antonio, M. T., Jimenez, S., De Dios, A., Sanchez, M., Borras, A., & Milla, J. (1999). Decreased health care quality associated with emergency department overcrowding. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 105–107. https://doi.org/10.1097/00063110-199906000-00003

Mohiuddin, S., Busby, J., Savović, J., Richards, A., Northstone, K., Hollingworth, W., … Vasilakis, C. (2017). Patient flow within UK emergency departments: A systematic review of the use of computer simulation modelling methods. BMJ Open, 7(5), e015007. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015007

Ozcan, Y. A., Tànfani, E., & Testi, A. (2017). Improving the performance of surgery-based clinical pathways: A simulation-optimization approach. Health Care Management Science, 20(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-016-9371-5

Paul, J., Jordan, R., Duty, S., & Engstrom, J. L. (2013). Improving satisfaction with care and reducing length of stay in an obstetric triage unit using a nurse‐midwife‐managed model of care. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 58(2), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-2011.2012.00239.x

Pines, J. M., Iyer, S., Disbot, M., Hollander, J. E., Shofer, F. S., & Datner, E. M. (2008). The effect of emergency department crowding on patient satisfaction for admitted patients. Academic Emergency Medicine, 15(9), 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00200.x

Richardson, D. B. (2002). The access‐block effect: Relationship between delay to reaching an inpatient bed and inpatient length of stay. Medical Journal of Australia, 177(9), 492–495. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04917.x

Richardson, D. B. (2006). Increase in patient mortality at 10 days associated with emergency department overcrowding. Medical Journal of Australia, 184(5), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00204.x

Rizzo, E. (2014). The growing movement toward the Ob-ED. Retrieved from Becker Hospital Review website: http://www.beckerhospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/the-growing-movement-toward-the-ob-ed

Saadouli, H., & Ltaif, A. (2020). Evaluating the impact of human resource management on the patient flow at an outpatient orthopedic clinic. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1788335

Sadi, B. M. A., Harb, Z., El-Dahiyat, F., & Anwar, M. (2019). Improving patient waiting time: A quality initiative at a pharmacy of a public hospital in United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2019.1692768

Saleh, N., Adel, H., & Wahed, M. A. (2021). Quality-driven framework for reducing patient waiting time in emergency department. Journal of Engineering Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.8789

Sasanfar, S., Bagherpour, M., & Moatari-Kazerouni, A. (2020). Improving emergency departments: Simulation-based optimization of patients waiting time and staff allocation in an Iranian hospital. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(4), 1449–1456. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1765121

Schoenfelder, J., Kohl, S., Glaser, M., McRae, S., Brunner, J. O., & Koperna, T. (2021). Simulation-based evaluation of operating room management policies. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06234-5

Schull, M., Vermeulen, M., Guttmann, A., & Stukel, T. (2015). Better performance on length-of-stay benchmarks associated with reduced risk following emergency department discharge: An observational cohort study. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2014.39

Shoaib, M., & Ramamohan, V. (2021). Simulation modeling and analysis of primary health center operations. Simulation, 98(3), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497211030931

Sinreich, D., & Marmor, Y. (2005). Ways to reduce patient turnaround time and improve service quality in emergency departments. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 19(2), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260510600022

Srinivas, S., Nazareth, R. P., & Shoriat Ullah, M. (2020). Modeling and analysis of business process reengineering strategies for improving emergency department efficiency. Simulation, 97(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037549720957722

Sun, B. C., Hsia, R. Y., Weiss, R. E., Zingmond, D., Liang, L.-J., Han, W., … Asch, S. M. (2013). Effect of emergency department crowding on outcomes of admitted patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 61(6), 605-611.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.10.026

Trzeciak, S., & Rivers, E. P. (2003). Emergency department overcrowding in the United States: An emerging threat to patient safety and public health. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20(5), 402–405. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.5.402

Valbekmo, A. G., Mo, L., Gjøsund, G., Håland, E., & Melby, L. (2022). Exploring wait time variations in a prostate cancer patient pathway—A qualitative study. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 37(4), 2122–2134. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3454

van Essen, J. T., Hurink, J. L., Hartholt, W., & van den Akker, B. J. (2012). Decision support system for the operating room rescheduling problem. Health Care Management Science, 15(4), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-012-9202-2

Wiler, J. L., Gentle, C., Halfpenny, J. M., Heins, A., Mehrotra, A., Mikhail, M. G., & Fite, D. (2010). Optimizing emergency department front-end operations. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 55(2), 142-160.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.05.021

Zaerpour, F., Bijvank, M., Ouyang, H., & Sun, Z. (2021). Scheduling of physicians with time‐varying productivity levels in emergency departments. Production and Operations Management, 31(2), 645–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13571

Zocco, J., Williams, M. J., Longobucco, D. B., & Bernstein, B. (2007). A systems analysis of obstetric triage. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 21(4), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jpn.0000299789.47161.8a